شیکردنەوەی ڕەخنەیی ئایدۆلۆژیا زمانییەکان لە دەقە چاپەمەنییەکانی سەردەمی پەهڵەوی تا سەردەمی کۆماری ئیسلامیی ئێران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دکتری تخصصی زبان‌شناسی، پژوهشگر زبانکده ملی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

چاپەمەنی ئامرازێکی گرنگە لە بەرهەمهێنان و نواندنەوەی ئایدۆلۆژیا زمانییەکاندا و دەتوانێت بە شێوازی جۆراوجۆر تێڕوانین و پێکهاتەکانی دەسەڵات ئاشکرا بکات. توێژینەوەی بەردەست ئایدۆلۆژیا زمانییەکان لە دەقە چاپەمەنییەکانی ئێراندا تاوتوێ دەکات بۆ ئەوەی ئەو ئایدۆلۆژیا زمانییانەی کە سەبارەت بە زمانەکانی ناوخۆی ئێران بڵاو دەکرێنەوە، دەستنیشانیان بکات. داتاکانی توێژینەوە بە شێوەی کتێبخانەیی لە ڕێگەی نموونەوەرگرتنی ئامانجدار لە سەردەمی پەهڵەوی یەکەم و دووەم تا سەردەمی کۆماری ئیسلامیی ئێران (2722-2625) کۆکراونەتەوە و بەپێی میتۆدی وەسفیی-شیکاری لە چوارچێوەی شیکردنەوەی گوتاری ڕخنەیی و زمانناسیی کۆمەڵایەتیدا بەپێی ڕێبازی ئایدۆلۆژیا زمانییەکاندا تاوتوێ کراونەتەوە. شیکردنەوەی داتاکانی بەردەست لە دەقە چاپەمەنییەکاندا، پشتگیری لە ئایدۆلۆژیای تاکزمانی دەکەن و ڕەواییدان بەم ئایدۆلۆژیایە دەبەخشن؛ چونکە تاکزمانی وەک فاکتەری یەکگرتوویی نەتەوەیی سەیر دەکەن و مەرجی هاودەنگیی ئاخێوەرانی کۆمەڵگا لە تاکەزمانێکی دیاریکراودا دەزانن و ئەو ئایدۆلۆژیایەش کە بانگەشە بۆ فرچەشنیی و جۆراوجۆریی زمانی دەکات دژی یەکگرتوویی کۆمەڵگا و ئاسایشی نەتەوەیی دادەنێن و لە کۆتاییدا بە بەڵگاندن و بۆچوونی نازمانناسانە جۆراوجۆریی زمانەکان دەخەنە پەراوێزەوە تا ئەو ڕادەیەی کە ئەو جۆرە بۆچوونانە کە بۆ پاساودانی ئایدۆلۆژیای تاکزمانی بەکاری دەهێنن، نەتەنیا لە ڕووی فاکتە زمانییکانەوە پاساوێکی زانستیان بۆ نادۆزرێتەوەە؛ بەڵکوو لە ڕووی فاکتەکانی دەرەوەی زمانیش کە هۆکارە کۆمەڵایەتی-سیاسییەکان لەخۆ دەگرێت، دەخرێنە بەر ڕەخنە و پرسیار.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Critical Analysis of Language Ideologies in Press Texts from the Pahlavi Era to the Islamic Republic of Iran

نویسنده [English]

  • Adel Mohammadi
PhD in Linguistics, National Language Institute Researcher, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The press plays a crucial role in reproducing and representing language ideologies, shaping perceptions, and revealing power structures. This study investigates language ideologies in Iranian press texts and identifies the types of ideologies promoted regarding the country’s languages. Data were purposively sampled from press publications spanning the First Pahlavi era to the present day (1925–2021). Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study draws on library sources and applies critical discourse analysis and sociolinguistic frameworks, focusing on language ideologies. The findings reveal that press texts predominantly support and legitimize a monolingual ideology, portraying monolingualism as essential for national unity and viewing societal cohesion as dependent on a single language. Ideologies promoting linguistic diversity are depicted as conflicting with social unity and are marginalized through non-linguistic arguments. Such arguments are not only weak from a linguistic perspective but also face challenges when evaluated against extralinguistic criteria, including political and social factors. This study highlights the press’s role in reinforcing language ideologies and its influence on public perceptions of linguistic diversity and unity in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • language ideologies
  • linguistic diversity
  • critical discourse analysis
  • monolingualism
  • linguistic pluralism
خالق‌پناه، کمال و علی سنایی (1399). «مدرنیته و صورت‌بندی گفتمانی سیاست فرهنگی: تحلیل گفتمان سیاست فرهنگی دولتی در ایران (1285 ش. تا امروز». جامعه شناسی کاربردی، ش. 79، صص. 57-74.
رسولی، حسین؛ رضا دهقانی و علیرضا کریمی (1396). «سیاست‌های زبانی پهلوی اول در کردستان و پیامـدهای آن (با تأکید بر مدارس)». مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی، ش. 30، صص. 98-78.
صفوی، کورش (1398). نوشته‌های پراکنده: دوازده گفت‌وگو (جلد 7)، تهران: علمی.
محمدی، عادل. (1403). «تحلیل استعاره‌های رایج پیرامون تنوع زبانی در اذهان کنشگران اجتماعی». تحلیل گفتمان ادبی، 2(3).
 
Albury, N. J. (2020). Language attitudes and ideologies on linguistic diversity. In A. C. Schalley & S. A. Eisenchlas (Eds.), Handbooks of Applied Linguistics (pp. 357-376). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Amini, R. (2022). A critical reading on language endangerment: focusing on endangered languages in Iran. Journal of Critical Applied Linguistics Studies, 1(1): 85-99.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities. London and New York: Verso.
Anthony, L. & Baker, P. (2015). ProtAnt: A tool for analysing the protoypicality of texts. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(3), 273–292.
Blackledge, A. & Pavlenko, A. (2002). Ideologies of language in multilingual contexts. Multilingua, 21(2/2), 121-140.
Cameron, L. (2012). The commodification of language: English as a global commodity. In T. Nevalainen & E. C. Traugott (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English (pp. 352–361). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cobarrubias, J. (1983). Ethical Issues in Status Planning. In J. Cobarrubias & J. A. Fishman (eds.), Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Crystal, D. (2004). The language revolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cummins, J. (1997). Cultural and linguistic diversity in education: A mainstream issue? Educational Review, 49(2), 105–114.
Cushing, I. (2021). Say it like the Queen’: The standard language ideology and language policy making in English primary schools. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 34(3), 321–336.
Deumert, A. (2011). Multilingualism. In: Mesthrie, R. (ed). The Cambridge handbook of sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 261-282.
Edwards, J. (1994). Multilingualism. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, N & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse Studies. A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Vol. 2. Discourse as Social Interaction (pp. 258–84). London: Sage.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.
Farangi, M. R., & Naami, A. (1402). A study of early multilingualism in Iran: The effects of mother tongue literacy, socio-economic status and foreground TV exposure. Acta Psychologica, 243, 1–10.
Grillo, R. (1998). Pluralism and the Politics of Difference: State, Culture, and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Groff, C., Zwaanswijk, W., Wilson, A., & Saab, N. (2023). Language diversity as resource or as problem? Educator discourses and language policy at high schools in the Netherlands. International Multilingual Research Journal, 17(2), 157–175.
Hegarty, P. (2020). Strangers and States: Situating Accentism in a World of Nations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(1), 172–179.
Horner, K. (2009). Language, Citizenship and Europeanization. Unpacking the Discourse of Integration. In Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe, ed. by Gabriella Hogan-Brun, Claire Mar-Molinero, and Patrick Stevenson, 109–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hult, F., & Hornberger, N. H. (2016). Revisiting orientations in language planning: Problem, right, and resource as an analytical heuristic. Bilingual Review, 33(3), 30-49.
Kalan, A. (2016). Who's Afraid of Multilingual Education? Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters.
King, L. (2018). The Impact of Multilingualism on Global Education and Language Learning. London: Cambridge Assessment English.
Kir, F. S. (2025). Language ideologies in new media: grassroots resistance to a multilingual language policy. Current Issues in Language Planning, 1–19.
Liddicoat, A&Taylor-Leech, K. (2015) Multilingual education: the role of language ideologies and attitudes. Current Issues in Language Planning, 16 (1-2). pp. 1-7.
Mason, S., & Hajek, J. (2020). Language education and language ideologies in Australian print media. Applied Linguistics, 41(2), 215–233.
Mohanty, A. K., Mishra, M. K., Reddy, N. U., & Ramesh, G. (2009). Overcoming the language barrier for tribal children: MLE in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, India. In A. Mohanty, M. Panda, R. Phillipson, & T. Skutnabb-Kangas (Eds.), Multilingual education for social justice: Globalizing the local (pp. 278–91). New Delhi, India: Orient BlackSwan.
Patten, A. (2003)..Liberal neutrality and language policy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 31 (4): 356–86.
Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Piller, I. (2001). Naturalization Language Testing and its Basis in Ideologies of National Identity and Citizenship. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5 (3): 259–277.
Piller, I. (2015). Language ideologies. In K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. Sandel (Eds.), The International encyclopedia of language and social interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 917-927).
Piller, I. (2016). Linguistic diversity and social justice: An introduction to applied sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.
Reisigl, M & Wodak, R. (2009). Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London-New York: Routledge.
Rickerson & B. Hilton (2006). The 5 Minute Linguist: Bite-Sized Essays on Language and Languages (2nd edn.). Equinox Publishing.
Ruiz, R. (1984). Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal, 8, 15-34.
Ruiz, R. (2011). Afterword: Cooking with Nancy. In F.M. Hult & K.A.
Screti, F. (2024). Contested languages in the contemporary Italian press: an analysis of language ideology. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–18.
Sheyholislami, J. (2019). Language as a problem: Language policy and language rights in Kurdistan-Iran. Etudes Kurdes, 99-134.
Shohamy, E. (2006). Imagined multilingual schools: How come we don’t deliver? In Garcia, O,Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and M.Torres-Guzman (eds.) Imagining multilingual schools. Languages in education and globalization Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 171–83.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tollefson, J.W. (1991). Planning Language, Planning Inequality, Longman, London.
Trask, R. & Mayblin, B. (2000). Introducing Linguistics. Cambridge: Icon Books.
Ucarlar, N. (2009). Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey. Lund University.
Van Dijk, T. (2006). Ideology and Discourse Analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115-140.
Wardhaugh, R. (2006), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Blackwell.
Woods,N. (2006)..Describing Discourse: A Practical Guide to Discourse Analysis.London.
Woolard, K. A. (2020). Language ideology. In J. Stanlaw (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of linguistic anthropology (pp. 1–21).