بازنمایی حیات برهنه در ادبیات و سینما: تحلیلی آگامبنی از طردشدگی در دیوار اثر ییلماز گونی و پسران نیکل اثر کولسون وایتهد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران.

2 کارشناس ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

این پژوهش با تکیه بر مفاهیم نظری جورجو آگامبن، به مقایسه‌ی فیلم دیوار ساخته‌ی ییلماز گونی و رمان پسران نیکل اثر کولسون وایتهد می‌پردازد. بر مبنای این فرض بنیادین که اردوگاه کار اجباری، همان‌گونه که آگامبن در آثار کلیدی خود چون انسان مقدس و بازمانده‌های آشویتس تبیین کرده است، به الگویی مسلط برای فهم سیاست مدرن بدل شده است، این مطالعه در پی یافتن نمودهای این الگو در بافت‌های تاریخی-سیاسی ترکیه و ایالات متحده است و نشان می‌دهد چگونه زندگیِ کردهای ترکیه و آفریقایی آمریکایی‌ها از خلال سازوکار «حذفِ ادغامی» شکل می‌گیرد، به‌گونه‌ای که سوژه‌ها هم‌زمان در نظم سیاسی ادغام و از آن طرد می‌شوند. به علاوه، حاکمیت از طریق تعلیق قانون و اعمال خشونت، سوژه‌هایی مطیع شبیه «موزلمان» تولید می‌کند که در موقعیتی همانند‌ با «انسان مقدس» قرار دارند. در این وضعیت، ناممکن‌بودن مرگی معنادار به‌مثابه آخرین تکنیک حاکمیت، هم معنای حیات و هم دلالت‌های مرگ آنها را نفی می‌کند. این دو اثر تحقق عینی آن چیزی هستند که آگامبن آن را پارادایم عصر مدرن می‌داند و نشان می دهد که کردهای ترکیه و آمریکایی‌های آفریقایی‌تبار در حال تجربه همان وضعیت‌هایی هستند که ساکنان آشویتس از سر گذرانده‌اند. این مطالعه استدلال می‌کند که وضعیت اردوگاهی، نه یک استثنا در گذشته، بلکه ساختاری تداوم یافته در جهان معاصر است که زیست جمعی کردهای ترکیه و سیاه پوستان آمریکا را همچنان شکل می‌دهد و از دید آگامبن، این وضعیت می‌تواند به الگویی جهانی بدل شود و سرنوشت بالقوه‌ی همه‌ی انسان‌ها در جهان مدرن را رقم بزند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Representation of Bare Life in Literature and Cinema: An Agambenian Analysis of Exclusion in Wall by Yilmaz Guney and The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead

نویسندگان [English]

  • Iraj Soleymanjahan 1
  • Shahnaz Gishgi 2
1 Assistant Professor of English Language, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
2 M.A. in Persian Language and Literature, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

This study aims to compare the film Wall by Yilmaz Guney and the novel The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead in light of Giorgio Agamben’s ideas. To this end, the researcher draws on Agamben’s famous statement that the paradigm of the modern world is the concentration camp, discussed, elaborated, and revisited in his books Homo Sacer and Remnants of Auschwitz, to examine how it emerges in Turkey and the United States. The lives of Kurds in Turkey and African Americans seem to follow the same trajectory that Agamben had described through his example of the concentration camp, as they are characterized by inclusive exclusion; the suspension of the law on many occasions by the sovereign to exercise the violence necessary to force them into submission; the creation of the figure of the Muselmann, whose life is marked by complete submission and whose death is not possible because he is homo sacer; and, finally, the impossibility of a meaningful death as the sovereign’s final technique for negating the meaning of the Muselmann’s life and death. The two works manifest the materialization of what Agamben had identified as the paradigm of the modern age, showing how Turkish Kurds and African Americans have been going through situations similar to those experienced by prisoners at Auschwitz. This very form of ‘life’ still awaits Turkish Kurds and African Americans and will characterize their lives in the future, in line with what Agamben had argued would potentially happen to all people around the world.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • African Americans
  • concentration camp
  • homo sacer
  • law
  • Muselmann
  • Turkish Kurds
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